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National attention was drawn to Boston desegregation efforts as the country watched to see how Boston settled the "battle" of forced busing. Opponents and supporters knew the decision would have ramifications throughout the country.
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US News & World Report: Boston School violence: Turning point in busing?.
US News & World Report: Boston School violence: Turning point in busing?.
US News & World Report
US News & World Report
Boston School violence: Turning point in busing?
Boston School violence: Turning point in busing?
Article from the US News & World Report in regards to Boston school violence and the busing crisis.
U.S. News & World Report, inc.
U.S. News & World Report, inc.
Publisher
Publisher
articles
1974-10-28
1974-10-28
African American students
Massachusetts
Boston
Busing for school integration
Massachusetts
Boston
Children
Services for
Massachusetts
Boston
Demonstrations
Massachusetts
Boston
Education
Social aspects
United States
History
Race relations
Segregation in education
Massachusetts
Boston
African American students
Massachusetts
Boston
Busing for school integration
Massachusetts
Boston
Children
Services for
Massachusetts
Boston
Demonstrations
Massachusetts
Boston
Education
Social aspects
United States
History
Race relations
Segregation in education
Massachusetts
Boston
Boston Public Schools
Boston (Mass.).
Police Department
Boston Public Schools
Boston Public Schools
Boston (Mass.).
Police Department
Boston Public Schools
Boston (Mass.).
Police Department
Boston (Mass.).
Police Department
http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20235348
http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20235348
African American students
Massachusetts
Boston
Busing for school integration
Massachusetts
Boston
Children
Services for
Massachusetts
Boston
Demonstrations
Massachusetts
Boston
Education
Social aspects
United States
History
Race relations
Segregation in education
Massachusetts
Boston
US News & World Report
US News & World Report: Boston School violence: Turning point in busing?
Freedom House, Inc. records (M16)
Programs
US News & World Report: Boston School violence: Turning point in busing?.
us news amp world report boston school violence turning point in busing
1974/10/28
US News & World Report
1974-10-28
African American students Massachusetts Boston
Busing for school integration Massachusetts Boston
Children Services for Massachusetts Boston
Demonstrations Massachusetts Boston
Education Social aspects United States History
Race relations
Segregation in education Massachusetts Boston
Boston Public Schools
Boston (Mass.). Police Department
U.S. News & World Report, inc.
U.S. News & World Report, Inc.
info:fedora/afmodel:CoreFile
info:fedora/neu:gm80jm842
6 0 CENTs
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74
R 28, 19
FORD'S
ORY OF
WN ST RDON
O
ON PA
NIX
Busing?
oint in
urning P
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TRO'S ":
CAS UBA
NEW C ess Report .
"
Eyewitn
�BOSTON
SCHOOL VIOLENCE
Turning Point in Busing?
Children going to integrated schools in Boston.
Some get not only bus rides but police escorts.
BOSTON
Here in Boston, the cradle of many
American liberties, a key battle is being
fought over the issue of busing schoolchildren for racial integration.
It is part of the war that the South
fought and lost in the 1960s, after federal troops were thrown into action.
Boston has been boiling since September 12, when school authorities began
busing more than 18,000 students under
orders of a federal court.
Resistance to the integration program
has divided the city and resulted in
more than 100 injuries to blacks and
whites and at least 160 arrests.
Now the issue has been forced to a
point where 450 members of the Massachusetts National Guard are on standby duty in Boston, 24 hours a day, and
units of the 82nd Airborne Division at
Fort Bragg, N.C., were put temporarily
UPI
Gov. Francis W. Sargent, in suddenly
calling out National Guard, said, "I
would be irresponsible if I didn't act."
22
A lot depends on which side wins the "Battle of
Boston." Outcome will affect school integration and
busing-especially in the North and West.
on alert. Orders to the Army troops
were described by the Defense Department as "purely precautionary," and the
alert was canceled two days later.
Nearly 500 State policemen and riottrained officers of the Metropolitan District Commission already are in Boston,
helping local authorities to maintain
order. They moved in on October 10.
"Implications . .. clear." Whichever
way the Boston battle goes, the outcome
is expected to have a significant effect
on forced-busing programs in other
cities of the North and West. Warned
Deputy Mayor Robert Kiley, a former
CIA man who is in charge of public
safety here:
"The implications for the rest of the
nation are clear. Boston is the battlefield
now, but unless we settle this thing
successfully, New York, Philadelphia and
all those other Northern cities may be in
Wide WORLD
Mayor Kevin H. White, objecting, said
the Guard "may well be an inept, undisciplined or undertrained
militia."
for even more trouble in the future than
we're having now."
Supporters of the Boston busing plan
hope that strong enforcement measures
here, where white ethnic feelings are
unusually intense, will bring other cities
into line, just as the South's "massive
resistance" crumbled after target
schools in that area were integrated a
decade ago.
But opponents of busing for school
integration vowed to continue their resistance, and more trouble may be lying
ahead.
Antibusing forces were encouraged in
their fight by a growing trend across the
United States to moderate programs for
the transportation of children out of
their neighborhoods in order to mix the
races in classrooms.
Moves in Congress. Late in July,
Congress passed legislation that prohibits busing beyond the next-nearest
school but permits courts to ignore this
ban if they find that constitutional rights
of children are being violated.
The law is not retroactive, however,
and does not apply to the Boston busing
order, which was issued by U. S. District
Judge W. Arthur Garrity, Jr., in June.
In the next Congress, busing foes are
expected to try to reopen earlier court
orders on busing and to limit the large
degree of judicial discretion still allowed
in such cases.
About the same time that Congress
was legislating on busing last summer,
the Supreme Court overturned a lowercourt decision that would have required
crossbusing of an estimated 78,000 children between the Detroit city-school
system and 53 suburban school districts.
President Ford, while calling the violence in Boston "unfortunate," has stated he does not think Judge Garrity's
order is "the best solution to quality
education in Boston."
On October 16, Caspar Weinberger,
U. S. Secretary of Health, Education and
Welfare, cautioned that Boston's resistance tends to "negate whatever educa·
U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, Oct. 28, 1974
�tional benefits" might be gained from
integration.
"The people of Boston," he said,
"must develop a willingness to solve the
problems themselves."
This willingness to compromise may
be a long time in coming. Sociologists
point out that whites in Boston and
other Northern cities lack the daily,
though limited, contact with Negroes
that has helped to increase racial harmony in the South.
Observed U. S. Senator Sam J. Ervin, a
North Carolina Democrat: "All the
people in Boston who have been wringing their hands over the intransigence of
the South . . . now find they don't like
Mayor Kevin H. White had not asked
for Guardsmen and was pictured as
"furious" about their mobilization.
Citing what he called "ill-advised and
reckless actions" by Guardsmen in previoqs civil disturbances, he said the
Massachusetts units "may well be an
inept, undisciplined or undertrained
militia."
Declared the mayor:
"We cannot allow this city to become
another Detroit, where it took dozens of
civilian deaths at the hands of police and
National Guardsmen to bring in federal
troops and restore order..
"We cannot permit Roxbury to become another Watts. We must not allow
Mounted police stand guard outside Hyde Park High School, where eight students and a
t eacher were injured in racial fighting October 15. School had to be closed for the day.
[integration] any more than Little Rock
did."
Sudden decision. The move by Massachusetts Governor Francis W. Sargent
to mobilize three companies of the
National Guard came suddenly on October 15. It followed the stabbing of a
white student at Hyde Park High School
and injuries to seven other students and
a teacher there.
At the same time, the Governor asked
for federal troops. Although the airborne
units at Fort Bragg were alerted and
began practicing riot maneuvers, the
White House repeated its stand that
federal troops would not be sent to
Boston until all State and local forces
had been deployed, and unless the situation was still out of control.
Governor Sargent said he based his
actions on FBI reports "that we have an
extremely volatile situation that could
blow up at any moment." He added:
"The hatred is out there. I would be
irresponsible ifl didn't act."
U. S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT. Oct. 28. 1974
South Boston High to become another
Kent State."
Roxbury is a Negro section of Boston.
Watts is a Negro district in Los Angeles
where 34 persons were killed in rioting
in 1965. Kent State is an Ohio university
where four students were killed in a
confrontation with the National Guard
in 1970.
Mayor White said federal troops
should be sent into Boston immediately.
If President Ford should order them to
intervene, it would be the first time in
11 years that the U. S. Army has been
used in a school-integration crisis.
The Army was used for the first time
by President Eisenhower to enforce
court-ordered desegregation in Little
Rock, Ark. That was in 1957. Federal
troops were called in again by President
Kennedy during university integration
flareups in 1962 and 1963 in Mississippi
and Alabama.
Some of the supporters of Mayor
White, who is a Democrat, called the
mobilization of the Guard a political
maneuver by Governor Sargent, a Republican, in his hard fight for re-election
next month. It was the first time the
Guard has been brought into Boston
since the police strike there in 1919.
Despite the mayor's protest, Maj. Gen.
Vahan Vartanian, adjutant general of
Massachusetts, said that the three companies would remain in the city as long
as needed.
Governor Sargent said that he would
not hesitate to put them on the street if
the situation got worse. But he said that
they would not be issued live ammunition without his approval.
According to Guard officers, the
military-police units initially will be
equipped with billy clubs, riot helmets,
armored vests and handcuffs.
Comparative calm. Rain and the
Guard
presence
kept
the
city
comparatively quiet in the school week
that ended on October 18. Attendance
at integrated schools, at one time down
by more than 65 per cent, was improving late in the week, although tension
remained high among students and parents of both races.
Governor Sargent and Judge Garrity
joined in warning Bostonians not to
hope that further violence and disruption would weaken the federal resolve to
integrate the public schools.
One sign of the resolve was the arrest
of two white men by FBI agents on
October 16. These arrests were the first
federal law-enforcement actions taken
in connection with the busing order.
The busing that has caused so much
trouble in Boston is only Phase 1 of the
integration program ordered by Judge
Garrity.
Phase 2 is to start next September and
could extend busing through the city.
Mayor White has declared he will not
co-operate in implementing Phase 2
unless he gets federal guarantees of lawenforcement help and financial aid.
Now Phase 2 is being re-examined.
Judge Garrity has told school officials
that he might consider proposals to
exempt some of the more isolated white
neighborhoods.
Lawyers for the city suggested that
the desegregation burden might be
shared by the mostly white suburbs,
which have been accused of pressuring
for integration in the inner city but not
in their neighborhoods.
In the light of the Supreme Court's
decision, however, Judge Garrity saw
little prospect of drawing suburbs into
the plan.
That bolstered the view now being
accepted by most Bostonians: The problem is one for the city itself to solve.
Other cities are watching to see what
happens.
[END]
23
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Police at school.
Police at school.
Police at school.
Police at school.
Photograph of racial tensions at Hyde Park High School by Stanley Forman from the Herald American.
Photographer
Photographer
photographs
1974-01-01
1974-01-01
African American students
Massachusetts
Boston
Busing for school integration
Massachusetts
Boston
Children
Services for
Massachusetts
Boston
Demonstrations
Massachusetts
Boston
Education
Social aspects
United States
History
Race relations
Segregation in education
Massachusetts
Boston
African American students
Massachusetts
Boston
Busing for school integration
Massachusetts
Boston
Children
Services for
Massachusetts
Boston
Demonstrations
Massachusetts
Boston
Education
Social aspects
United States
History
Race relations
Segregation in education
Massachusetts
Boston
Boston Public Schools
Boston (Mass.).
Police Department
Boston Public Schools
Boston Public Schools
Boston (Mass.).
Police Department
Boston Public Schools
Boston (Mass.).
Police Department
Boston (Mass.).
Police Department
http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20235358
http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20235358
African American students
Massachusetts
Boston
Busing for school integration
Massachusetts
Boston
Children
Services for
Massachusetts
Boston
Demonstrations
Massachusetts
Boston
Education
Social aspects
United States
History
Race relations
Segregation in education
Massachusetts
Boston
Police at school.
Police at school.
James W. Fraser (collector) photograph collection (M66)
Police at school.
police at school
1974/01/01
approximate
Police at school.
1974-01-01
African American students Massachusetts Boston
Busing for school integration Massachusetts Boston
Children Services for Massachusetts Boston
Demonstrations Massachusetts Boston
Education Social aspects United States History
Race relations
Segregation in education Massachusetts Boston
Boston Public Schools
Boston (Mass.). Police Department
Forman, Stanley
Forman, Stanley
Forman, Stanley
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